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Corresponding author at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, Suite J-130, New York, NY 10065, United States of America.
Across the United States, it is now apparent that the COVID-19 virus is exacerbating existing societal biases and longstanding inequities in health care, resulting in an excess of morbidity and mortality in underserved populations. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) is committed to eliminating disparities, and increasing awareness of the critical issues that contribute to the differential outcomes experienced by gynecologic oncology patients. Health equity, defined as fairness and justice, exists only when people have an equal opportunity to be healthy. Health inequity, therefore, is the unfair and avoidable difference in health status seen within and between countries [
]. When defined structures or systems limit a person's ability to be healthy, inequities emerge. It is our goal to make gynecologic cancer patients, their caregivers and providers, aware of the issues that have been revealed, and amplified during the current global health crisis.
2. Social determinants of health
The World Health Organization defines social determinants of health (SDOH) as conditions “in which people are born, grow, live, work and age and the systems put in place to deal with illness” [
]. Unequal SDOH create and sustain most health inequities. Our patients' reality is that their health is directly linked to SDOH including, housing, violence, transportation, food access, neighborhood and community economics [
The current pandemic will impose an additional burden on vulnerable populations that already face barriers predisposing them to worse health outcomes. Preexisting comorbid conditions, economic insecurity, living environment, over representation in lower wage jobs or those requiring contact resulting in a higher risk for COVID-19 exposure, are all factors that adversely influence health outcomes during this pandemic (Fig. 1). As providers for women from diverse socio-economic, geographic, and racial/ethnic backgrounds, we see first-hand how SDOH adversely affect cancer care and delivery [
Implicit bias is the stereotypes, attitudes, beliefs, judgments, prejudices that affect our thinking and behaviors in ways that we do not realize. Implicit biases are an integral part of our news and media platforms, influence our conversations and impact our healthcare and education systems (Fig. 2). These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness or intentional control [
]. We bring these unconscious biases to all our interactions including patient care and management decisions. When implicit biases are not addressed, they affect working relationships, trust, work productivity, and healthcare outcomes [
In the healthcare setting, we must address unconscious bias at the individual provider, institutional, and national policy levels in order to promote fair treatment of our patients. A few studies have begun to address biases, both implicit and explicit, of patients towards providers [
The discriminatory patient and family: strategies to address discrimination towards trainees.
Acad. Med. J. Assoc. Am. Med. Coll.2016; 91 (Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions): S64-S69
]. Acknowledging bias is the first step towards reducing our reliance on generalizations or stereotypes. In a study of African-American cancer patients, providers scoring high on implicit bias tests were viewed as less supportive and spent less time with their patients than providers with low scores. These patients had more difficulty remembering what their physicians told them, less confidence in their treatment plans, and found it more difficult to follow recommended treatments [
]. During this high stress COVID-19 environment, implicit bias may be amplified, affecting health outcomes among many of our patients.
4. COVID-19 and health care disparities
Emerging data suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected many minority populations in the United States (US) (Fig. 3). For health care disparities experts and those caring for vulnerable populations, this is not surprising [
]. While news of the pandemic from other countries focused solely on old age, gender, and comorbid condition, reporting in the US has revealed the COVID-19 impact in our communities by race, ethnicity and socio-economic variables.
Fig. 3Side-by-side comparison of the percentage of population made up by African-Americans to percentage of African-American COVID-19 deaths in cities heavily affected by the pandemic as of April 21, 2020.
]. The lack of reporting race and ethnicity data affected the initial COVID-19 narrative. Data from ZIP Codes in many regions began to hint at other important disparities. In late March and early April, data from multiple communities began to emerge. On April 3, 2020, ProPublica reported, initial statistics in Milwaukee County, WI, 81% of the deaths from COVID-19 were among Black residents despite comprising only 26% of that county's population [
]. The Detroit News reported on April 2 that at least 40% of deaths attributed to COVID-19 in Michigan were Black residents, a percentage that far exceeds the proportion of African Americans in the Detroit region and state [
]. In addition, more recent reporting in Chelsea, MA, Chicago, IL, and San Francisco, CA, have revealed local hot spots of COVID-19 among Hispanic/Latino and immigrant communities [
Vulnerable populations including those in nursing facilities, prisons and the homeless have unique risks. Homeless populations are among the most vulnerable to infection with COVID-19. They disproportionately suffer from chronic illnesses including cancer, and “social distancing” is also nearly impossible among this population [
]. One model using pre-COVID-19 health data from Los Angeles and New York City assumes potential 40% infection rates among the homeless and estimates that 4.3% of the nationwide homeless population (~21,295) would require hospitalization [
Estimated emergency and observational/quarantine capacity need for the US homeless population related to COVID-19 exposure by county; projected hospitalizations, intensive care units and mortality.
]. COVID-19 challenges for homeless populations throughout the country have only worsened but are difficult to quantify. Shelters are full, closed, or fraught with COVID-19 transmission risk due to crowded conditions. Despite increased demand among those with unstable housing, common places to find safe shelter such as libraries, gyms, and fast food restaurants are also closed. [
]. Data from rural populations has been limited, but concern about health care system capacity has already demonstrated strain in cancer care delivery and will become increasingly relevant [
Granular statistics from the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US are even more concerning. As providers, we must learn from these data and act to protect our vulnerable patients and diverse communities in urban, rural and suburban settings. New York City (NYC) emerged as one of the epicenters of the coronavirus outbreak, with the highest number of COVID-19 cases (138,435) and deaths (9944) nationwide as of April 21, 2020. Data regarding the racial breakdown of NYC COVID-19 demographic data was not initially available, but it was clear by ZIP Code that certain communities were harder hit [
]. As of April 3, 2020, the highest case counts by ZIP Codes ranged from 409 to 1245 cases and were concentrated in parts of Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx, specifically in lower income communities of color although actual race data was not reported until April 8. [
]. As of April 24, 2020, racial disparities were confirmed by NYC COVID-19 mortality rates reported among both Hispanic/Latino (34%) and Black (28%) communities despite only representing 29% and 22% of the NYC population, respectively. Blacks and Hispanics/Latinos were more likely to die of COVID-19 than all other racial groups (Hispanic/Latino 55.3/100,000, Black 64.6/100,000, White 15.6/100,000, and Asian 33.1/100,000) [
]. In NYC, the concept of social distancing and lockdown for many immigrant and underserved communities is not feasible. Many continue to work and are considered “essential” health care workers, city employees and delivery personnel resulting in higher spread and later presentation to hospitals for treatment.
In Louisiana, as of April 21, 2020, there have been 24,854 cases of COVID-19 in all 64 parishes with 1405 deaths. Black patients comprise 56.25% of COVID-19 deaths in Louisiana while comprising only 32% of the state's population. Of the COVID-19 deaths in Louisiana, 56% had hypertension, 35% had diabetes, and 8% had cancer [
]. The overlap between these diseases traditionally linked to SDOH and now COVID related mortality is important to recognize.
Chicago first reported racial disparities related to COVID-19 on April 8, 2020 with African Americans representing 52% of those with positive tests and 70% of deaths, although only making up 29% of the population [
]. Most recent data from April 24, 2020, shows that in a city with 16,200 cases, 43% of cases were in Black residents and 28.5% were in Hispanic/Latino residents. Death rates per 100,000 also show striking differences among racial groups (Black 49.7, Asian 20, Hispanic/Latino 17, White 13.7) [
]. The importance of reporting race and ethnicity in COVID-19 data is clear. Similar racial disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths are now being reported throughout the country.
6. Complexity of COVID-19-related health care disparities
Blame for disparities in outcomes from COVID-19 is often shifted to comorbid conditions that are now identified as risk factors including hypertension, asthma, diabetes and obesity. Increased mortality among people with comorbid illnesses is deemed inevitable and there is “nothing to be done.” In gynecologic oncology, we are familiar with how comorbid conditions, many of which are related to inequities in SDOH, can adversely affect cancer care irrespective of race/ethnicity. We must apply active management skills to consider how COVID-19 risks can be mitigated for patients instead of accepting these risks as inevitable.
While comorbidities are contributory, other structural concerns surrounding COVID-19 are also important. Although current data is lacking on specific demographics of testing, minority groups and marginalized communities may have had less access to initial testing. Health care providers' implicit racial bias could also influence their decision about who receives a diagnostic coronavirus test or triage. Public health and social media messaging about staying home if ill, coupled with longstanding disenfranchisement from health care access, may have resulted in treatment delays leading to worse outcomes [
]. In NYC, it became clear that the most vulnerable under-resourced safety-net hospitals serving the most affected communities were quickly overloaded. Factors such as resource allocation, geographic location, and public versus private hospital systems have influenced access to necessary supplies and COVID-19 testing. As a result, state legislation was rapidly implemented to better pool resources to address these disparities [
The US Department of State Coronavirus Task Force advises, “flattening the curve” through a variety of methods including social distancing. Steps to “flatten the curve” and “shelter in place” come with their own set of inherent racial and economic biases. We must understand that there is a stark difference in who has the “privilege” to stay at home [
]. Many white-collar workers have broadband internet and computers, which enable them to easily work from home, while many from poorer neighborhoods do not have this luxury. Only 9.2% of workers in the lowest quartile of the wage distribution can telework, compared with 61.5% of workers in the highest quartile [
]. A recent analysis forecasting COVID-19 effects on Black Americans, revealed that Blacks are overrepresented in all jobs that are considered essential, making up 15% of the entire essential workforce [
]. In the health care sector, many low-wage jobs including environmental services, transport, and food services are positions held by Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians. As health care providers for women, it is important to highlight that 1 in 3 women hold jobs defined as essential, with higher rates found among non-white women [
]. Poverty, lack of savings, and unstable housing increase vulnerability to COVID-19. Urban low-wage workers must often use crowded mass transportation and risk exposure. We must recognize and empathize with what it is like to be poor in the US: to live in a too-small space with too many people, to not have enough money to stockpile food for a long duration, and to live in a food desert. We must be acutely aware of the role these factors have on our patients and how it impacts their health decisions.
7. Bias towards Asian and Asian-American communities due to COVID-19 pandemic
Another critical consideration is how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the diverse Asian and Asian-American communities throughout this country. A rise in the incidence of verbal, physical, and violent attacks against Asian Americans has been reported throughout the US. Promotion of hateful rhetoric like labeling SARS-COV-2 virus the “Chinese Virus” has resulted in increasing anti-Asian sentiments and bigotry [
]. Americans of Asian descent need to know they will be protected not just from COVID-19 but also from violence, harassment, and discrimination. The Asian-American community is not homogenous and includes many countries of origin including East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Many subsets of Asian communities also suffer from poverty and face the same health care disparities and SDOH as other minority groups, especially during the COVID-19 crisis.
Approximately 20% of the nation's front-line health care workers are immigrants, representing many countries of origin in Asia. In 2019, the Association of American Medical Colleges reported that 17% of doctors practicing in the United States were of Asian descent [
]. The virus of hate puts Asians and Asian-American members within our own gynecologic oncology community and the patients they serve in double jeopardy [
]. This cannot be tolerated. SGO—like many leading medical organizations including the American College of Surgeons—condemns such bias and bigotry and encourages reporting of any such incidences [
8. Patient-centered response to COVID-19: the importance of the patient's voice
The most accurate and salient information on patients' needs comes from patients themselves. In oncology, large and powerful advocacy groups that represent patient perspectives, fund research and set priorities for future knowledge. In clinical research, patient-reported outcome measures of toxicity are incorporated into clinical trial protocols [
]. Organizations focused on advocacy, cancer navigation, and support, have quickly mobilized to address the psychosocial, health, and financial needs at the national and local level, and through online and media presences. [
]. A gap remains among organizations specifically serving the marginalized populations in gynecologic oncology. Groups focusing specifically on underserved communities, although limited, are trusted networks that are now mobilizing to address COVID-19 needs [
]. The Endometrial Cancer Action Network for African Americans (ECANA) is one organization that started in response to these gaps, and has taken one step in the journey to meaningful national engagement among marginalized communities in gynecological oncology [
ECANA members are experiencing first-hand the statistics reported in this paper including close contacts infected with COVID-19, the inability to socially isolate, and the need to continue working. Yet at the same time, demonstrating the power of the patient voice and community partnership, these women are promoting strong evidence-based public health messaging using both ECANA and personal social media platforms to limit the impact of the pandemic [
]. They communicated the importance of staying home, social distancing, strategies for self-care, and addressing the frustration, and anger of the racial disparities related to COVID-19. When pandemics such as COVID-19 occur, the marginalized populations will always be at highest risk. Without the power of immediate connection with community-based groups, we as clinicians risk a costly delay in recognizing, assessing, and intervening to mitigate their extra vulnerability. Moving forward we can invest and engage with marginalized communities to provide real-time information and actionable solutions to blunt the impact of structural bias in our healthcare system and society.
9. A call to action and the role of the gynecologic oncology provider
We conclude this statement with a call to action. SGO advocates for the continued support of all our patients and health care personnel providing cancer care during this turbulent time. SGO and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) have published guidelines about adapting oncology care during this pandemic [
]. These recommendations are made to safely care for patients; however, underserved populations face significant barriers to adhering to these guidelines. Creative solutions must be considered to address these barriers; however, identification and acknowledgment that they exist is the first step. These guidelines must be tailored to address the specific needs and resources of our patients and their communities (Fig. 4). Cancer care delivery should be performed without the specter of discrimination, racism, implicit or explicit bias, and should factor in the social determinants of health in order to identify focused solutions.
Fig. 4Suggested solutions to barriers experienced by marginalized populations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
First, to be successful, organizations must acknowledge and know the historical context, cycles, systems, and structures that make minority and underserved communities at risk. Others who are marginalized include people from rural communities, the elderly, people with disabilities, women in prison, and members of the LGBTQ community. These groups also face exacerbated disparities in the COVID-19 era. Creating social capital by training and positioning community advocates and leaders in key positions is necessary to foster meaningful community shared governance to respond to this crisis and promote long-term health equity.
Second, we must continue to advocate for policy at the local, state and national levels that increases equitable health care access and quality. Despite the Affordable Care Act's original intent to expand coverage to nearly all Americans, about 3 million remain uninsured [
]. In the Medicaid non-expansion states, over half of low-income Americans who were uninsured in 2010 remain without access to affordable coverage. These Americans fall in the so-called coverage gap: they are not poor enough to qualify for traditional Medicaid, and yet do not earn enough to qualify for subsidies on the exchange. We must advocate for closing this loophole in coverage, which disproportionately affects underserved patients. This effort will be even more necessary as more cancer patients are left financially vulnerable, out of work and lacking insurance due to the COVID-19 crisis.
As gynecologic oncology practitioners, we should continue to have frank conversations with our patients with regards to COVID-19 symptoms as well as questions about changing financial concerns, safe home environments, access to care, food and housing. Being honest about our individual implicit biases (since we all have them) is critical. Self-evaluation of comfortable and less comfortable spaces/circumstances is important to overcome these biases [
]. We should collaborate with our medical colleagues to actively manage ongoing comorbid conditions for our patients as these may influence treatment options for cancer during the pandemic and worsen outcomes related to both. As cancer care providers, we see these circumstances daily and often help negotiate our patients through them towards the goal of equitable care.
We must continue to work with our colleagues in social work and advocacy organizations, many of which have quickly adapted to the crisis and are providing online resources for groups and individuals. This crisis should create new opportunities for collaborations with community organizations that can be integrated to better serve our patients now and in the future. Many patient advocates are well positioned to help lead these efforts. As our routine workflows have been altered, we must think outside of current care delivery models and be both bold and creative.
Finally, both individual physicians and health care systems must prioritize, ensuring cancer health equity and improving social determinants of health. Promoting economic stability, physical environment, education, and access to healthy food that affect our patients' ability to comply with public health recommendations and our recommended treatments, will influence their outcomes from both cancer and COVID-19. Meaningful community engagement at the level of the individual provider and our health care systems should be prioritized as we realize that we must collaborate to understand local needs and address them in sustainable ways. Institutional efforts and interventions can also be effective to address implicit bias. These efforts include conducting climate assessments, using evidence-based questionnaires, giving leaders feedback on that data, and providing ongoing training [
]. It is imperative to harness our energy to research and develop ways to diminish the heightened impact of glaring health care disparities and discrimination the pandemic has brought to the forefront. COVID-19 has exposed the tragic vulnerabilities of many of our patients and communities but has also revealed the depth of resiliency in providers, in community organizations, and in our cancer patients. Our experience addressing COVID-19 disparities in gynecologic cancer patients can translate to a more holistic dialogue about health equity, bringing all stakeholders to the discussion. We all experience a health benefit if the health outcomes of those at the margins improve.
Author contributions statement
John H. Farley: Conceptualization, writing original draft, review and editing. Jeffrey Hines Writing, original draft, review and editing. Nita K. Lee Investigation, writing original draft, review and editing. Sandra E. Brooks: Writing, writing original draft, review, editing, supervision. Navya Nair: Investigation, methodology, writing, original draft, review and editing. Kemi M Doll: Writing original draft. Carol L. Brown: Conceptualization, writing, review and editing. Ellen J. Sullivan: Project administration, review and editing. Eloise Chapman-Davis: Conceptualization, investigation, data curation, writing original draft, visualization, review, editing, supervision.
Conflict of interest
Dr. Brooks reports no conflicts. Dr. Brown is the Associate Cancer Center Director for Diversity & Health Equity at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and was Immediate Past-President of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology when the manuscript was being written. Dr. Chapman-Davis reports no conflicts. Dr. Doll reports no conflicts. Dr. Farley reports no conflicts. Dr. Hines reports no conflicts. Dr. Nair reports personal fees from Intellisphere, LLC DBA Targeted Healthcare Communications, outside the submitted work. Dr. Lee reports no conflicts. Ms. Sullivan reports no conflicts.
References
CSDH
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health.
in: Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization,
Geneva2008
The discriminatory patient and family: strategies to address discrimination towards trainees.
Acad. Med. J. Assoc. Am. Med. Coll.2016; 91 (Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions): S64-S69
Estimated emergency and observational/quarantine capacity need for the US homeless population related to COVID-19 exposure by county; projected hospitalizations, intensive care units and mortality.
☆On behalf of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. This SGO Clinical Practice Statement has been reviewed and approved by the SGO Clinical Practice Committee, Publication Committee and Board of Directors. This SGO Clinical Practice Statement was not peer-reviewed by Gynecologic Oncology.
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